Surveying
"Surveying is science, art, and technology of determining
the relative positions of points above, on or beneath the earth's surface, or
of establishing such points."- Charles D. Ghilani
Surveyor
A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications
and technical expertise to conduct activities like determining, measuring and
representing the land and three-dimensional objects, point-fields and trajectories
and using that information for the planning and efficient administration and
management of the land, the sea, and any structures thereon.
Importance of Surveying
Measuring and mapping boundaries
Production of maps
Monitoring environmental changes
Planning and construction work
Formulation of plan and policy
History
The history of surveying dates back to 4000BCE to the time of
Babylonians when they were making records of land ownership by using clay tablets.
Around 2780 BCE, the construction of the pyramids was carried out in ancient Egypt.
The Romans in 150 BCE established a school of surveying and
in 120 BCE produced maps and established the doctrine if the earth was spherical
then a proper representation could be obtained by a geometrical projection of that
surface.
Principles of surveying
Working from whole to part
To locate a new station by at least two measurements from fixed
reference point
Economy of accuracy
Consistency in work
Independent check
Plane surveying
Plane surveying refers to the surveying of a small extent
where it is assumed that the mean surface of the earth is a horizontal plane for
the area concerned neglecting the curvature shape of the earth and considering
the gravity direction parallel throughout the survey region.
Geodetic surveying
The geodetic surveying
refers to surveys of larger areas where the above assumption of the earth as the horizontal plane is invalid and allowance must be made for the curvature of the earth
assuming gravity lines not parallel but
concentric toward the center of the earth.
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